These surface-attached bacteria are highly recalcitrant to conventional antimicrobial agents and result in chronic infections. Bacterial biofilms are a major cause of biofouling in the medical field and, therefore, hospital-acquired, and medical device infections. These devices, while inexpensive, have not been adequately studied for their ability to resist biofouling and biofilm buildup. Recent advances in 3D printing have led to a rise in the use of 3D printed materials in prosthetics and external medical devices. 3Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States.2Center for Advanced Microbial Processing and Center for Surgical Infections and Biofilms, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Philadelphia, PA, United States. 1Department of Chemistry, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, United States.1,2† Phillip Palmer 2 Hai-Feng Ji 1 Garth D.
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